What is the major difference between sterilization and disinfection?

The major difference between sterilization and disinfection lies in their levels of efficacy against microorganisms. Sterilization is defined as a process that eliminates all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, spores, and fungi, thus ensuring that the object or surface is completely free from all microorganisms. This is critical in dental and medical settings where the risk of infection from any remaining pathogens must be minimized.

On the other hand, disinfection targets many, but not necessarily all, harmful microorganisms. Disinfectants may effectively reduce the number of viable pathogens but do not guarantee the complete eradication of all microorganisms. Therefore, the possibility of residual pathogens, which could lead to infection, remains. This distinction is crucial in clinical practices where maintaining the highest standards of hygiene and safety is imperative to protect patient health. Understanding this difference helps practitioners choose appropriate methods for cleaning tools and surfaces based on the level of risk associated with various clinical situations.